A focus on the impact of prenatal exposure to alcohol on neurobiological propensity for cognitive and mental health problems in males and females, with alterations in neuroendocrine function serving as an underlying mechanism for increased vulnerability. An overarching theme eucidating sex differences in the impact of prenatal teratogen exposure on brain and hormone (stress and gonadal) systems. Improving mental health outcomes among those with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder via targeted neuroendocrine interventions.